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CAMP Position Paper
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Rationale for Selection Criteria |
22 October 2001
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The Board of Regents (BOR), exercising its authority as the highest decision-making body in the University, approved a change in the criteria for selection for the CAMP Dean on 26 July 2001. Quoting the minutes of that 1152nd meeting of the BOR, the new criteria are:
3.
The Deanship of CAMP
should be open to members of the other units provided the following minimum
qualifications are met:
3.1.
Outstanding academic
and/or professional credentials
3.2.
S/he should belong to
the professions (OT, PT and SP). S/he
may also be from Rehabilitation Medicine. S/he may be a practitioner or a
professor of another U.P. unit or another university outside the U.P. System
3.3.
Commitment to serve on
a full-time basis
3.4.
Unquestionable moral
integrity
3.5.
Leadership qualities
and administrative or managerial capability
The
college was not advised that the BOR was actually considering a change in
criteria. CAMP did not receive any
official communication to this effect. The
process of studying the advisability and the content of the change did not
include any direct consultation with the college.
While we recognize that the Board of Regents perhaps acted within its
authority on this matter, we feel this was a grave oversight.
It is true that the dean of any college should possess characteristics that enable him/her to function effectively in relation to the BOR, the Chancellor, other officials of the university and the university community as a whole. And the BOR may indeed be the best judge of this ability. The dean is most especially, however, tasked with leading a team within the academic community — a team comprised of the faculty, staff, students and alumni of the college. This team possesses its own vision within the context of the university, its own working patterns, its own needs and its own history. It is thus highly valuable to obtain input from that team regarding the characteristics needed of the person who can best serve as team leader.
The
immediate workplace and the forces outside of it constitute the environment of
any organization. The personal
relationship among the employees and the formal relationship between the leader
and the constituents contribute to the psychological climate of the workplace.
Faculty and administrative staff are strategic constituents in academic
institutions. Faculty members often
view the interaction as a collaborative enterprise such that the concerns of the
institution are integrated and inseparable from the concerns pertaining to
people and processes (Birnbaum, 1992; Hegarty, 1983).
It is important for strategic constituents of a collaborative enterprise
to participate in key decisions pertinent to the enterprise. Hence again the
need to include the college in decision-making pertinent to the selection of its
dean.
This
need is acknowledged by Memorandum No. 93-23 from the Office of the President,
providing guidelines for the search process for deans and directors.
These guidelines state that “the constituents shall forge a consensus
on their expectations of the new dean,” and that the process “will take into
consideration the plans and expectations of the unit, [and] the maximum
participation of its constituents” (Abueva, 1993).
If these guidelines are set for the search of each dean, how much
more should they be respected in the setting of criteria for the selection of all
deans of the college.
In this case, changes were made that the college sees might not ultimately be necessary, or might not actually contribute to the common good. We therefore ask the Board of Regents to seriously reconsider the new criteria set.
The
following sections of this paper provide concrete input that demonstrate the
perspective and contribution of CAMP constituents to this matter.
Taking this input into consideration might lead to more valid and
well-founded criteria for the selection of a dean for the college.
First
of all, the change in criteria may not have been warranted at all, as the
reasons put forward for making the change do not appear valid. The previous
criteria, approved by the BOR at its 1012th meeting on 28 April 1988
were that [the nominee]:
1.
Must be a duly
qualified occupational therapist, physical therapist or
speech
pathologist;
2.
Must come from the
unit’s teaching constituency;
3. Must have been on the faculty for at least four years;
and
4.
Must render full-time
service as stipulated in the Code as Dean
1.
The existing criteria
are too restrictive for such a small unit;
2.
This would preclude
inbreeding and raise the chances of selecting Dean from among the most respected
practitioners of the three (3) professions (PT, OT, SP);
If
the current criteria are considered restrictive in the sense that they do not
allow for selection from among several candidates, it must be pointed out that
there are a number of senior faculty in the college fully capable of being dean.
There are at least ten faculty in the college who meet the 1988 criteria for
Deanship. In addition, these
members of the CAMP faculty have obtained graduate degrees in fields very
pertinent to the development of the college, such as a Masters in
Occupational Health, in Public Health, in Health Professions
Education, in Special Education, in Ergonomics, in Occupational
Therapy and/or in Communication Disorders.
These
faculty members have occupied administrative and/or managerial positions within
the academe. They have served as
chairperson of their department, head of college and/or university programs,
heads of university committees. Among
them are faculty who have served as dean in the past, or have been selected by
the UPM administration to serve as Officer-in-Charge of the UPM Office of
Student Affairs. They are thus well equipped to fill an administrative post.
Many
of them have been full-time faculty of the university for several years, and
have over the years developed effective working relationships with the faculty
and staff of the other units of UP Manila, and of the UP System itself.
They are familiar with the workings of the academe and with the
peculiarities of the university.
If
in the past only one candidate has been recommended to the BOR by the Search
Committees for the CAMP Dean, it has not been because there has been only one
nominee. It has been because
the other worthy candidates have recognized the competence of their colleague,
and have declined the nomination as an act of solidarity, to demonstrate
willingness to work with another candidate rather than to create political
factions within the college. The members of the college prefer to work together
to meet the needs of the students and the university, rather than waste energy
in useless politicking. Should the
administration see it as preferable that a number of nominees be presented to
the BOR for final selection, there would be no difficulty complying with this
requirement. It therefore
cannot be said that the number of qualified candidates for dean is truly limited.
The concept of inbreeding
in the academe usually refers to the practice of selecting faculty from among
graduates of the same institution, and/or of faculty members earning a higher
degree from the same institution in which they teach (Anderson, 1997).
Institutional inbreeding is generally seen as a threat to the creativity
and growth of the college. In this sense, the faculty development program
of the college already precludes inbreeding.
At present, none of the faculty have completed their master’s degree at
CAMP. Several have completed
graduate degrees from other colleges within UP Manila (NTTC-HP, CPH) or from UP
Diliman (College of Education). Two
are currently completing graduate degrees from the UP College of Medicine.
Moreover, faculty members have completed their graduate studies in
universities outside of the Philippines, such as Lulea University in Sweden, the
University of Queensland in Australia, and New York University in the USA.
Other faculty members are currently completing masteral or doctoral
programs at the University of Melbourne and the University of New South Wales. Three additional faculty members are scheduled to leave next
year for other universities in Australia. Furthermore, members of the faculty
have several years clinical work and/or administrative experience in
interntional settings such as Guam, Saudi Arabia and the United States of
America.
This testifies to CAMP’s aim
not only to develop its faculty base, but also to welcome, imbibe and adapt new
fields of knowledge, technology and information.
Inbreeding can be counteracted by increased international interactions (Skeppstedt,
2000). These faculty members have pursued fields of specialization and/or
development beyond the confines of the University of the Philippines.
This has enabled them to build innovative philosophies in teaching and
practicing their respective disciplines. Many
have developed and implemented various new programs, projects and activities in
the College fully in keeping with the University’s vision for global
competitiveness and local usefulness. Research projects, as well as linkages for
research, product development and teaching have been made with other
institutions because of the expertise the college has developed.
Indeed, the members of the CAMP faculty possess the same characteristics
espoused by the Revitalized General Education Program (RGEP) currently
being worked out in the university. They
possess diversity, they are progressive, and they foster independent, creative
and critical thinking in their
students that enables the student to make rational choices.
Hence, there is minimal
probability of inbreeding. There is little likelihood of limiting the
sources of ideas, skills and standards of competence that the college has access
to in developing its programs. If
such a problem did actually exist and need to be addressed, providing a dean
from outside of the unit would perhaps not be the best way to address it
(Skeppstedt, 2000; Bogazici University, [2001]).
What are the current chances
of selecting Dean from among the most respected practitioners of the three (3)
professions (PT, OT, SP)? Would
it not be possible for the college to select a dean from among these
practitioners without the new criteria for selection?
A review of the records shows
that the outstanding practitioners from OT/PT/SP have precisely come from among
the faculty members of the college. They
have been awarded for Life Achievement and/or as Outstanding
Professional by various bodies such as the Professional Regulation
Commission (PRC), the Philippine Association of Board Examiners (PABE), the
Philippine Federation of Professional Associations (PFPA), the UP
Manila Alumni Association (UPMAA) and the UP Alumni Association (UPAA) and
by their respective professional organizations over the past decade.
These awards testify to their efforts to pursue the progress and
development of their respective disciplines throughout the country.
This
shows that the revision in criteria did not enhance the possibility of selecting
a dean from among the most respected practitioners of occupational therapy,
physical therapy and speech pathology in the country.
That possibility fully existed beforehand.
The College of Allied Medical Professions (CAMP) is committed to promoting excellence in the rehabilitation professions, and to the provision of quality service to its main stakeholders – the students, the patients, and the society. In the past decade, deans who were practicing professionals of physical therapy or occupational therapy have led the college. They came from the faculty ranks and worked along a culture to which the rest of the faculty and administration subscribe. They were also a part of the team that set visions and goals of the college.
The vision of the college to promote excellence in this field has been pursued relentlessly and is evident in the achievements of the past decade. For the undergraduate programs, revisions of the curricula have been made in response to the changing needs of the stakeholders. The evolving demands of society and the profession have been taken into consideration. Thus, new graduate programs aimed at enhancing service delivery in the Philippines have been developed and implemented. Furthermore, models of extension service have been strongly established. The CAMP Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) program and Clinic for Therapy Services (CTS) provide service to clients from Metro-Manila, Ilocos, Zambales, Bicol, Bacolod, Davao and elsewhere in the archipelago through an innovative internship-training program. The establishment of centers based on the models of the CAMP CBR and CAMP CTS by other institutions is evidence that the training of interns is a CAMP strength.
Graduates of CAMP also confirm that the visions of the college have been truly pursued progressively. That is, alumni are at the forefront of advocacy towards the growth of the profession, both locally and internationally. The current vice-president of the Philippine Physical Therapy Association (PPTA), as well as the president and secretary of the Asian Confederation of Physical Therapists (ACPT) are graduates of CAMP. Faculty and alumni have served as Asian representative to the International Society for Physical Therapy Education, as country delegate to the World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT) and as head of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) Technical Panel for PT and OT Education. Past and current presidents and/or officers of the Philippine Association of Speech Pathologists (PASP), the Occupational Therapy Association of the Philippines (OTAP) and Philippine Physical Therapy Association (PPTA), are or have been from among the members of the CAMP faculty.
Academic administrators also need focus on the full development of existing faculty talent (Hagerty 1983). In the past five years, the faculty profile of CAMP has changed into one that is characterized by pursuit for further studies and expertise. Presently, 40% of the PT faculty have a master’s degrees, while 30% are completing their graduate studies. For the OT faculty, 65% have master’s degrees while among the SP faculty, 30% have master’s degrees. The next stage in this process is the pursuit of doctoral degrees by CAMP faculty.
The college is far from perfect. However, the often-cited limitations of its performance in the past decade are largely only apparent limitations. The fluctuating performance of CAMP OT and PT graduates in the licensure examinations is cited as a limitation. But whether the licensure examination is a true and only measure of competency in the profession or not is debatable. This is manifested by the call for amendments in RA 5680 pertinent to the process of conducting these exams. The college has aimed at developing professionals who are up-to-date and can practice their discipline effectively and responsibly. The board examinations measure only the knowledge component of a therapist’s competence, without effectively measuring skill and attitude; the contents of that knowledge component may not actually reflect the content needed by an occupational or physical therapy practitioner. Setting aside the deficiencies of the board examinations, per se, the actual performance of graduates of the college in the PRC examinations has not been altogether dismal. From 1994 – 1998, both the OT and PT graduates of CAMP merited a high passing rate from the PRC, together with UPM graduates taking licensure exams for physicians, dentistry, nursing, and pharmacy. Certificates of Recognition were recieved by CAMP from PRC, for being a top-performing school in the board examinations for Physical Therapy in 1995, and 1997-2000, for Occupational Therapy in 1995, 1997-1999 and 2001. Across five years, the occupational therapists from CAMP were top-ranking among all examinees with a passing rate of 89% in contrast to the national passing rate of 41%, while the physical therapists from CAMP were second-ranking with a passing rate of 77% in contrast to the national passing rate of 29%. (PRC, 2000). It should be noted that the physical therapy graduates achieved this ranking while completing a 4-year curriculum, whereas graduates from all other PT programs had completed a 5-year curriculum. The passing rate for PT is fully expected to increase now that the UPM curriculum has been revised and extended to five years.
A research team in UP Manila completed a recent study on attrition in CAMP. The findings concerning attrition in the college are limited to data until 1998. The past three years wherein the performances of students have improved and curricular changes have been implemented have not been documented.
Thus it can be said that, while CAMP has its limitations (as do all units of the university), its overall performance has not fallen short of that expected of a college of the University of the Philippines.
It is clearly a strength
that the candidates for deanship possess outstanding academic and/or
professional credentials. The
faculty of the college believe, however, that a candidate should possess both
outstanding academic and outstanding professional credentials.
They believe that he/she should have experience teaching one of the
programs offered by the college and have received very satisfactory faculty
evaluation results for his/her teaching. They
would want the dean to have been full-time faculty of CAMP for at least
the past five years, with the consideration that the dean should have a
strong record of implementing programs and activities to promote the college,
and the disciplines that CAMP teaches its students. This includes active
involvement in contributing to the projects of the college.
This is consistent with the criteria set in Memorandum No. 93-23 from the
office of the UP President (Abueva, 1993) regarding the selection of nominees
for deans of academic units, which states that the nominee should possess
commitment to the university and to the unit.
The value of this is
supported by Fischer, Tack and Wheeler (1998).
They state that in higher education, leadership connotes involvement.
Involvement symbolizes expertise, dedication, and commitment.
A good leader must not only be committed to the institution.
He must have a strong sense of values consistent with its purpose and
mission. Being from within the
institution, he will be familiar with its corporate culture (Ratzburg, [2001])
This is likewise acknowledged by Section 10 of the UP Charter itself, which
states that “The body of instructors of each college shall constitute its
faculty, and as presiding officer for each faculty, there shall be a Dean
elected from among the members of such faculty...”
The new criteria states
that s/he should also belong to the professions (OT, PT and SP).
While this appears to be a strength, it requires clarification and an
operational definition. It appears
to be a strength in that it is appropriate that the dean should belong to
one of the disciplines that comprise the unit he/she is to head.
This is common practice in many universities around the world such as
Long Island University, the University of Wales, and other programs in America
and the United Kingdom (Obusan, 2001; Reyes, 2001; Barredo, 2001). It also
stands to reason in view of the above arguments for selecting someone from
within the corporate culture of the college.
It is reasonable to ask, however, what constitutes belonging to a
profession? The faculty of the
college propose that the candidate should have actively practiced the
profession for at least 10 years, and that he/she be actively
involved in the promotion of the profession.
The Philippine Physical Therapy Association (2001) and the Occupational
Therapy Association of the Philippines (2001) have espoused a similar view.
Active
involvement in the promotion of the profession
can be further concretized as active involvement in the professional
organization(s) that concretely promote the rehabilitation science disciplines.
This includes local organizations that directly build up the professions
in the country and international organizations that provide insight to the
global standards of practice, and linkages with colleagues from around the
world. It is through these
organizations that the institution can participate actively in policy-making and
the settlement of issues that impact upon a profession.
CAMP
offers rehabilitation science programs.
These are programs that develop professionals who work with physicians
and other professionals in the prevention, assessment and management of
disabilities. At present, these
include occupational therapy, physical therapy, speech pathology, and audiology.
It may include other rehabilitation science fields in the future.
The college would like to propose that, rather than stating OT, PT, SP,
the criteria be phrased one of the disciplines comprising the college as
stated above.
What
constitutes commitment to serve on a full time basis?
It has been the sad experience of many schools offering BSOT and/or BSPT
programs in the Philippines that their dean is given full-time appointment, but
is actually present and working on the needs of the college for only 1-2 days
each week. We would not want this
to befall CAMP. The demands of
deanship within the University of the Philippines System are high, and require
not only a sign of commitment but actual full-time service.
Immersion
of the leader within the daily life of the institution contributes to work
effectivity. Familiarity with the
working patterns of the constituency helps improve skills in the administration
of academic programs. In studies designed to determine the defining points of good
academic leadership based on the viewpoint of faculty members, the value of
availability and visibility has been stressed.
In the collegiate level, a dean taking the role of faculty is more in
touch with the constituents. Competencies
are enhanced as sensitivity to social and political team dynamics is increased.
(Birnbaum, 1992). Hence actual
full-time service to the college is essential.
We
feel there is no need to specify that the dean can be from Rehabilitation
Medicine. If the argument in favor of this is the concept that therapists
serve as members of a team led by a physiatrist, it must be clarified that this
may only be true within the rehabilitation departments of tertiary hospitals,
where the hospital has established positions for therapists within a department
headed by a physiatrist. It does
not necessarily hold true for all work settings in which the practitioners of
disciplines taught by CAMP are found. Much
less is it imperative for an educational setting where rehabilitation science
professionals receive their training.
Rehabilitation
Science is interdisciplinary, and extends
beyond the boundaries of a single discipline.
It can encompass basic and applied aspects of health sciences, social
sciences, engineering and associate disciplines as they relate to restoring
human functional capacity and improving a person’s interactions with the
surrounding environment (SAHS, UT Medical Branch, 2000).
It is thus not limited to bio-medical practice.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (or physiatry) is
“the branch of medicine emphasizing the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and
rehabilitation of disorders, particularly those of the neuromusculoskeletal,
cardiovascular and pulmonary systems… The goal of the physiatrist is to
provide medical care to patients with pain, weakness, numbness, and loss of
function.” (AAPM&R, 2000) It
can therefore be seen that rehabilitation medicine is essentially a biomedical
practice that is related to but distinct from occupational therapy, physical
therapy, speech pathology and other rehabilitation sciences.
The
rehabilitation science programs at CAMP are many; therapists work with a
variety of medical practitioners and other professionals.
The crux of occupational therapy is enabling clients to engage in
meaningful occupation (Carson R, [2001]).
Occupational Therapists (OTs) work extensively with psychiatrists,
pediatricians, neurologists and other medical specialists in addition to
physiatrists. They work with
occupational health professionals, psychologists, educators and social workers.
They work in school and industrial settings, in addition to hospital
settings. While Physical Therapists
may indeed work closely with physiatrists, they may also have close interaction
with orthopedic surgeons, neurologists, cardiologists pulmonologists,
rheumatologists, pediatricians and geriatricians. Speech Pathology is primarily
concerned with disorders in the production, reception and perception of speech
and language (ASHA-AHCPA, 1986). They also work with related conditions such as
swallowing and cognitive disorders. They
do not interact primarily with any one medical specialty, but work with
pediatricians, physiatrists, otorhinolaryngologists, oro-maxillo-facial
specialists, neurologists, radiologists and other physicians as the need arises.
Like occupational therapists, they may work in school and other non-hospital
settings. Among the medical
specialists, audiologists work primarily with otologists.
They may also work with pediatricians, neurologists and other specialists
as needed.
Based
on the above, it would not be appropriate to say that the Rehabilitation
Medicine specialist is more qualified to serve as dean of CAMP than any other
medical specialist (Colman, 1992). If any one discipline were specified, it
would be appropriate to likewise state all other disciplines that might have
qualifications to serve as dean. Indeed, there is the view that the best dean would be a
therapist. As attested by an alumna
with many years of experience working in various rehabilitation settings: only
a therapist knows exactly the dynamics of interaction with other therapists and
health-related fields. (Obusan, 2001).
This is corroborated by alumni of CAMP now working in international
settings in Florida, Nevada, Ohio, Texas, Michigan, Massachusetts, New York,
California and Singapore, and by those working here in Pasig, Manila, Makati,
Cavite, Baguio, Batangas, Cebu and Davao. These
alumni are academicians, staff therapists, private practitioners, program
directors, and/or general managers. They view the position of the dean from both
a local and a global perspective. At the same time, they view the college with
real concern as the value of loving the profession[s] has been deeply imbued
in the UP SAMP/CAMP (Guerrero, 2001)
The
Occupational Therapists Board in the United Kingdom (2000; Reyes, 2001)
maintains that occupational therapists have the right to set standards of
education and training for entry to the profession, and require that an
occupational therapist maintain leadership of educational programs in
occupational therapy (Sinclair, 2001). The same is true for Speech Pathology programs in the United
States (ASHA, 1999). Pietranton
(2001) notes that the role of physiatrists or other physicians in the education
of speech-language-pathologists appears rare. In addition, it should be noted
that the CHED criteria for the selection of deans for universities in the
Philippines offering Nursing, Midwifery, Medical Technology, Medicine, Pharmacy,
Nutrition or Dentistry, require the dean to be a registered professional
coming from their own ranks.
We therefore suggest that the phrase “S/he may also be from Rehabilitation Medicine” be removed from the selection criteria for the CAMP deanship.
Unquestionable
moral integrity and leadership qualities
and administrative or managerial capability are strengths in the new
criteria recognized and acknowledged by the college.
The
college suggests that in addition to the above, the candidate for dean
should hold at least a master’s degree in one of the disciplines that comprise
the college, or in a related field that clearly enriches the programs of
the college.
The college believes that the change in
criteria may not have been needed, and that if a change is indeed to be
implemented, some revision of the new criteria is imperative.
CAMP has the utmost confidence that the Board of Regents will study this
matter with depth, and make due decisions with objectivity, for the common good
of the constituents of the college and the university.
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